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Glossary

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Capacity per gram

The capacity released by the internal active material of a battery during discharge divided by the mass of the active material.Note: Specific capacity is typically expressed in milliampere-hours per gram (mAh/g). Sometimes, the calculation of specific capacity includes the mass of all non-active materials, such as conductive additives and binders.
Gravimetric energy

The ratio of a battery's energy to its mass. Also known as "mass energy density."
Gravimetric power

The ratio of the power output of a battery to its mass. Also known as "power density."
Volumetric power

The ratio of the power output of a battery to its volume. Also known as "volume power density."
Utilization rate of active material

The ratio between the actual capacity obtained from a battery and the theoretical capacity of the active material it contains, often expressed as a percentage.Note: In most cases, the utilization rate of the active material is different for the positive and negative electrodes.
Charge retention

The ratio, usually expressed as a percentage, between the capacity that can be discharged from a battery after it has been fully charged under specified conditions, allowed to stand for a specified time at a specified temperature, and not recharged, and the nominal capacity of the battery.
State of charge

State of charge (SOC) refers to the percentage of the actual capacity that can be released under manufacturer-specified discharge conditions in the current battery cell, module, battery pack, or system. Its value ranges from 0 to 1, where SOC=0 indicates the battery is completely discharged, and SOC=1 indicates the battery is fully charged.
State of health

The ability of a battery to store electrical energy relative to a new battery.Note: It is expressed as a percentage and quantitatively describes the performance state of the battery during its lifetime, from the beginning to the end of its life.
Nominal voltage

An appropriate approximate voltage used to identify or characterize a battery or an electrochemical system.
Charge voltage

The voltage applied by an external power source across the two terminals of the battery during charging.
Working voltage

The voltage across the positive and negative terminals of the battery during discharge at the operating current.
Over voltage

"Over voltage is a state where the battery voltage exceeds the manufacturer's/supplier's rated values or specified conditions. Over voltage can disrupt the normal functioning of the battery and/or lead to hazardous incidents.Note: When discussing electrodes, it is referred to as overpotential."
Discharge voltage

The voltage between the two terminals of the battery during discharge.
End-of-charge voltage

The maximum voltage allowed during the normal charging of a battery cell, module, battery pack, or system.
End-of-discharge voltage

The minimum voltage allowed during the normal discharge of a battery cell, module, battery pack, or system.
Open-circuit voltage

The difference in potential between the positive electrode and the negative electrode under a no-load condition.
Shell voltage

Refers to the voltage between the positive and negative terminals of a metal-cased battery with respect to the battery's outer shell. Generally, this is determined by the battery manufacturer based on their own manufacturing processes and sets the qualified standards.
Dc impedance

The resistance calculated as the ratio of the change in battery voltage over a short period of time to the corresponding discharge current under direct current (DC) operating conditions.Note: DC impedance is typically expressed in milliohms (mΩ).
Ac impedance

Refers to the battery's alternating current impedance measured at a specific alternating current frequency, typically the alternating current impedance of the battery at 1 kHz.Note: Alternating current impedance is usually expressed in milliohms (mΩ).
Charge

The process in which an external circuit provides electrical energy to the battery, causing chemical changes within the battery, thereby converting electrical energy into chemical energy and storing it.
Full charge

A charging state in which, under selected conditions, all available active materials do not significantly increase the capacity during charging.
Trickle charge

A continuous, long-duration, regulated low-current charging process used to compensate for self-discharge effects and maintain a battery in an approximate state of full charge.Note: Trickle charging is used to offset self-discharge effects to keep the battery in an approximate state of full charge.
Overcharge

The continued charging of a fully charged battery or battery pack.Note: Charging beyond a manufacturer-specified limit is also considered overcharging.
Floating charge

Continuous, long-term, low-current charging of a battery at a constant voltage.

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