Basic Terminology

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Glossary

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Full charge

A charging state in which, under selected conditions, all available active materials do not significantly increase the capacity during charging.
Trickle charge

A continuous, long-duration, regulated low-current charging process used to compensate for self-discharge effects and maintain a battery in an approximate state of full charge.Note: Trickle charging is used to offset self-discharge effects to keep the battery in an approximate state of full charge.
Overcharge

The continued charging of a fully charged battery or battery pack.Note: Charging beyond a manufacturer-specified limit is also considered overcharging.
Floating charge

Continuous, long-term, low-current charging of a battery at a constant voltage.
Discharge

The process in which a battery outputs the electrical energy it generates to an external circuit under specified conditions.Note: During this process, chemical energy is converted into electrical energy.
Self discharge

The phenomenon where the energy of the battery is lost in ways other than being discharged into an external circuit.
Self-discharge rate

Translation: A physical quantity used to describe the rate of self-discharge of a battery, also known as the "K-value." It is calculated as the difference in open-circuit voltage (OCV) between two tests divided by the time interval between the two voltage tests, expressed as K = (OCV1 - OCV2) / ΔT.
Over-discharge

Translation: The process of forced discharge that occurs when a battery is completely discharged. Overdischarge may disrupt the normal functioning of the battery and can even lead to hazardous incidents.
Discharge current

The current output of the battery during discharge.
Short-circuit current

The maximum current that a battery can deliver to an external circuit with zero resistance or with the battery voltage reduced to near zero volts.Note: Zero resistance is an imaginary condition, and in reality, the short-circuit current is the maximum current that flows in a circuit with a resistance significantly lower than the internal resistance of the battery.
Reference test current

Battery discharge current expressed in discharge rate (It), where 1ItA equals 1.5 ampere-hours per hour.
Charge/Discharge curve

The recorded curves depicting the variations of voltage, current, capacity, and other parameters over time during the charging or discharging process of a battery.

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